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Sains Malaysiana 54(11)(2025): 2675-2684
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5411-08
Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing in
Marine Bivalves: Progress, Applications, Challenges and Future Directions
(Penjujukan Genom Mitokondria dalam Bivalvia Marin: Kemajuan, Aplikasi, Cabaran dan Hala Tuju Masa Depan)
MOHAMAD QAMARUL ABIDIN MOHD ZAWAWI &
KAMARUL RAHIM KAMARUDIN*
Centre of Research for Sustainable Uses of Natural Resources
(SUNR), Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology (FAST), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Pagoh Campus, Pagoh Education Hub, Km 1, Jalan Panchor,
84600 Muar, Johor, Malaysia
Received: 14 May 2025/Accepted: 7 November 2025
Abstract
Mitochondrial
genome sequencing has become a vital tool for understanding marine bivalve evolution,
genetics, and adaptation. This review highlights advances from Sanger to next-
and third-generation sequencing, which have improved the accuracy and efficiency
of mitogenome studies. These developments have uncovered unique features such
as doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI) and extensive gene rearrangements,
deepening insights into bivalve evolution, phylogenetics, conservation, and
aquaculture. Mitogenomics aids in species
identification, population analysis, and selective breeding for traits like
disease resistance. Despite challenges such as complex architectures,
annotation gaps, and unusual inheritance like DUI, emerging technologies such
as single-cell sequencing, CRISPR, and omics integration offer new
opportunities. As data sharing and collaboration expand, mitochondrial genomics
will continue shaping marine conservation and sustainable aquaculture.
Keywords: Aquaculture; bivalvia; conservation genetics;
mitochondrial genome sequencing; phylogenetics
Abstrak
Penjujukan genom mitokondrion telah menjadi alat penting dalam memahami evolusi, genetik dan penyesuaian bivalvia marin. Ulasan ini mengetengahkan kemajuan daripada kaedah Sanger kepada penjujukan generasi baharu dan generasi ketiga yang telah meningkatkan ketepatan serta kecekapan kajian mitogenom. Perkembangan ini telah mendedahkan ciri unik seperti pewarisan seinduk berganda (DUI) dan penyusunan semula gen yang ketara, sekali gus memperkukuh pemahaman tentang evolusi bivalvia, filogenetik, pemuliharaan dan akuakultur. Mitogenom membantu dalam pengecaman spesies, analisis struktur populasi dan pembiakan terpilih bagi ciri seperti ketahanan penyakit. Meskipun berdepan cabaran berkaitan kerumitan seni bina genom, jurang anotasi dan corak pewarisan luar biasa seperti DUI, kemunculan teknologi baharu seperti penjujukan sel tunggal, CRISPR dan integrasi pelbagai omik menawarkan peluang baharu. Dengan perluasan inisiatif perkongsian data dan kerjasama penyelidikan, genom mitokondrion dijangka terus memacu kemajuan dalam pemuliharaan marin dan amalan akuakultur yang mampan.
Kata kunci: Akuakultur; bivalvia; filogenetik; pemuliharaan genetik; penjujukan genom mitokondria
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*Corresponding
author; email: kamarulr@uthm.edu.my
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